Ecuador 
| Background: |
The "Republic of
the Equator" was one of three countries that emerged from the
collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Colombia and
Venezuela). Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a
series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru
that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999.
"Республика Экватора" была
одной из трех стран, что возникли после распада Великой Колумбии
в 1830 ( другие Колумбия и Венесуэлла). Между 1904 и 1942,
Эквадор потерял территории в серии конфликтов со своими
соседями. Пограничная война с Перу, что flared в 1995 был решен
в 1999. |
| Location: |
Western South
America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between
Colombia and Peru |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
2 00 S, 77 30 W |
| Map references: |
South America |
| Area: |
total:
283,560 sq km
note: includes Galapagos Islands (включает Острова
Galapagos)
water: 6,720 sq km
land: 276,840 sq km |
| Area -
comparative: |
slightly smaller
than Nevada (немного меньше чем Невада) |
| Land boundaries: |
Граница
total: 2,010 km
border countries: Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km |
| Coastline: |
Побережье:
2,237 km |
| Maritime claims: |
Морские претензии
continental shelf: claims continental shelf between
mainland and Galapagos Islands
territorial sea: 200 NM |
| Climate: |
tropical along
coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in
Amazonian jungle lowlands
|
| Terrain: |
coastal plain
(costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to
rolling eastern jungle (oriente)
береговая равнина (costa), центральное плоскогорье inter-Andean
(сьерра), и к волнистые восточные джунгли (oriente) |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m |
| Natural
resources: |
petroleum, fish,
timber, hydropower
Ресурсы - нефть, рыба, лес, гидромощность |
| Land use: |
arable land:
5.69%
permanent crops: 5.15%
other: 89.16% (1998 est.) |
| Irrigated land: |
8,650 sq km (1998
est.) |
| Natural hazards: |
frequent
earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic
droughts
Естественный риск - частые землетрясения, обвалы, вулканическая
деятельность; наводнения; периодические засухи |
| Environment -
current issues: |
Среда - текущие
вопросы:
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution;
pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive
areas of the Galapagos Islands (обезлесение; эрозия почвы;
desertification; водное загрязнение; загрязнение из масляного
производства тратится в экологически чувствительные области
Островов Galapagos) |
| Environment -
international agreements: |
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Geography - note: |
Cotopaxi В Андах
- самый высокий активный вулкан в мире
Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world |
| Population: |
13,447,494 (July
2002 est.) |
| Age structure: |
0-14 years:
35.4% (male 2,415,764; female 2,337,095)
15-64 years: 60.2% (male 4,007,495; female 4,090,957)
65 years and over: 4.4% (male 276,482; female 319,701)
(2002 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
1.96% (2002 est.) |
| Birth rate: |
25.47
births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Death rate: |
5.36 deaths/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
| Net migration
rate: |
-0.53
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Sex ratio: |
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
| Infant mortality
rate: |
33.02
deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
| Life expectancy
at birth: |
total
population: 71.61 years
female: 74.57 years (2002 est.)
male: 68.79 years |
| Total fertility
rate: |
3.05 children
born/woman (2002 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult
prevalence rate: |
0.3% (2001) |
| HIV/AIDS -
people living with HIV/AIDS: |
20,000 (2001
est.) |
| HIV/AIDS -
deaths: |
232 (2001) |
| Nationality: |
noun:
Ecuadorian(s)
adjective: Ecuadorian |
| Ethnic groups: |
Этнические группы
- метис (смешанный Американский Индеец и белый) 65%,
Американский Индеец 25%, Испанский и другой 7%, черные 3%
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3% |
| Religions: |
Roman Catholic
95% |
| Languages: |
Spanish
(official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) |
| Literacy: |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.1%
male: 92%
female: 88.2% (1995 est.) |
| Country name: |
conventional
long form: Republic of Ecuador
conventional short form: Ecuador
local long form: Republica del Ecuador
local short form: Ecuador |
| Government type: |
republic
|
| Capital: |
Quito
|
| Administrative
divisions: |
22 provinces
(provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar,
Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos,
Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo,
Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua,
Zamora-Chinchipe |
| Independence: |
24 May 1822 (from
Spain) |
| National
holiday: |
Independence Day
(independence of Quito), 10 August (1809) |
| Constitution: |
10 August 1998 |
| Legal system: |
based on civil
law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age;
universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, optional
for other eligible voters |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of
state: President Gustavo NOBOA Bejarano (since 22 January
2000) selected president following coup that deposed President
Jamil MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO Rubianes (since 28
January 2000) elected by National Congress from a slate of
candidates submitted by President NOBOA; note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
elections: formerly, the president and vice president
were elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year
term (no reelection); election last held 31 May 1998; runoff
election held 12 July 1998 (next to be held 20 October 2002)
head of government: President Gustavo NOBOA Bejarano
(since 22 January 2000) selected president following coup that
deposed President Jamil MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO
Rubianes (since 28 January 2000) elected by National Congress
from a slate of candidates submitted by President NOBOA; note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
election results: results of the last election prior to
the coup were: Jamil MAHUAD elected president; percent of vote -
51%
note: a military-indigenous coup toppled
democratically-elected President Jamil MAHAUD on 21 January
2000; the military quickly handed power over to Vice President
Gustavo NOBOA on 22 January 2000; National Congress then elected
a new vice president from a slate of candidates submitted by
NOBOA; the new administration is scheduled to complete the
remainder of MAHAUD's term, due to expire in January 2003
В конце 2003 года был избран другой президент.
Соответственно сменилась вся верхушка. |
| Legislative
branch: |
unicameral
National Congress or Congreso Nacional (123 seats; 20 members
are popularly elected at-large nationally to serve four-year
terms; 103 members are popularly elected by province to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 31 May 1998 (next to be held 20
October 2002)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
by party - DP 32, PSC 27, PRE 24, ID 18, P-NP 9, FRA 5, PCE 3,
MPD 2, CFP 1; note - defections by members of National Congress
are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of
seats held by the various parties |
| Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or
Corte Suprema (new justices are elected by the full Supreme
Court) |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Concentration of
Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM]; Democratic Left or ID
[Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos]; Ecuadorian Conservative Party or PCE
[Jacinto JIJON Y CAMANO]; Independent National Movement or MIN
[Eliseo AZUERO]; Pachakutik-New Country or P-NP [Miguel LLUCO];
Popular Democracy or DP [Dr. Juan Manuel FUERTES]; Popular
Democratic Movement or MPD [Gustavo TERAN Acosta]; Radical
Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist
Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian
Party or PSC [Pascual DEL CIOPPO] |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
Confederation of
Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Leonidas IZA,
president]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F. Napoleon
SANTOS]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or
FEINE [Marco MURILLO, president]; National Federation of
Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN [Pedro DE
LA CRUZ, president]; Popular Front or FP [Luis VILLACIS] |
| International
organization participation: |
CAN, CCC, ECLAC,
FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Ivonne A-BAKI
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
Miami, New Orleans, New York, Newark, Philadelphia, and San
Francisco
FAX: [1] (202) 667-3482
telephone: [1] (202) 234-7200
chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Larry L.
PALMER
embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito
mailing address: APO AA 34039
telephone: [593] (2) 256-2890
FAX: [593] (2) 502-052
consulate(s) general: Guayaquil |
| Flag
description: |
three horizontal
bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat
of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the
flag of Colombia which is shorter and does not bear a coat of
arms |
| Economy -
overview: |
Ecuador has
substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Because
the country exports primary products such as oil, bananas, and
shrimp, fluctuations in world market prices can have a
substantial domestic impact. Ecuador joined the World Trade
Organization in 1996, but has failed to comply with many of its
accession commitments. The aftermath of El Nino and depressed
oil market of 1997-98 drove Ecuador's economy into a free-fall
in 1999. The beginning of 1999 saw the banking sector collapse,
which helped precipitate an unprecedented default on external
loans later that year. Continued economic instability drove a
70% depreciation of the currency throughout 1999, which forced a
desperate government to "dollarize" the currency regime in 2000.
The move stabilized the currency, but did not stave off the
ouster of the government. Gustavo NOBOA, who assumed the
presidency in January 2000, has managed to pass substantial
economic reforms and mend relations with international financial
institutions. Ecuador completed its first standby agreement
since 1986 when the IMF Board approved a 10 December 2001
disbursement of $96 million, the final installment of a $300
million standby credit agreement. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power
parity - $39.6 billion (2001 est.) |
| GDP - real
growth rate: |
4.3% (2001 est.) |
| GDP - per
capita: |
purchasing power
parity - $3,000 (2001 est.) |
| GDP -
composition by sector: |
agriculture:
11%
industry: 25%
services: 64% (2000 est.) |
| Population below
poverty line: |
70% (2001 est.) |
| Household income
or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%:
2.2%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1995) |
| Distribution of
family income - Gini index: |
43.7 (1995) |
| Inflation rate
(consumer prices): |
22% (2001 est.) |
| Labor force: |
3.7 million
(urban) |
| Labor force - by
occupation: |
agriculture 30%,
industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
14%; note -
widespread underemployment (2001 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues:
$5.6 billion
expenditures: planned $5.6 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
|
| Industries: |
petroleum, food
processing, textiles, metal work, paper products, wood products,
chemicals, plastics, fishing, lumber |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
5.1% (2001 est.) |
| Electricity -
production: |
10.395 billion
kWh (2000) |
| Electricity -
production by source: |
fossil fuel:
25.01%
hydro: 74.99%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0% |
| Electricity -
consumption: |
9.667 billion kWh
(2000) |
| Electricity -
exports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
| Electricity -
imports: |
0 kWh (2000) |
| Agriculture -
products: |
bananas, coffee,
cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane;
cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; balsa wood;
fish, shrimp |
| Exports: |
$4.8 billion
(2001 est.) |
| Exports -
commodities: |
petroleum,
bananas, shrimp, coffee, cocoa, cut flowers, fish
|
| Exports -
partners: |
US 38%, Peru 6%,
Chile 5%, Colombia 5%, Italy 3% (2000)
|
| Imports: |
$4.8 billion
(2001 est.) |
| Imports -
commodities: |
machinery and
equipment, chemicals, raw materials, fuels; consumer goods |
| Imports -
partners: |
US 25%, Colombia
13%, Japan 8%, Venezuela 8%, Brazil 4% (2000) |
| Debt - external: |
$14 billion
(2001) |
| Economic aid -
recipient: |
$120 million
(2001) |
| Currency: |
US dollar (USD) |
| Currency code: |
USD
|
| Exchange rates: |
sucres per US
dollar - 25,000.0 (January 2002), 25,000.0 (2001), 24,988.4
(2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.6 (1998), 3,988.3 (1997)
note: on 13 March 2000, the National Congress approved a
new exchange system whereby the US dollar was adopted as the
main legal tender in Ecuador for all purposes; on 20 March 2000,
the Central Bank of Ecuador started to exchange sucres for US
dollars at a fixed rate of 25,000 sucres per US dollar; since 30
April 2000, all transactions are denominated in US dollars |
| Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones -
main lines in use: |
1,115,272 (1999) |
| Telephones -
mobile cellular: |
384,000 (1999) |
| Telephone
system: |
general
assessment: generally elementary but being expanded
domestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliable
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean) |
| Radio broadcast
stations: |
AM 392, FM 35,
shortwave 29 (2001) |
| Radios: |
5 million (2001) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
7 (plus 14
repeaters) (2001) |
| Televisions: |
2.5 million
(2001) |
| Internet country
code: |
.ec
|
| Internet Service
Providers (ISPs): |
31 (2001) |
| Internet users: |
180,000 (2001) |
| Railways: |
total:
965 km
narrow gauge: 965 km 1.067-m gauge (2000 est.) |
| Highways: |
total:
43,197 km
paved: 8,165 km
unpaved: 35,032 km (2001) |
| Waterways: |
1,500 km |
| Pipelines: |
crude oil 800 km;
petroleum products 1,358 km |
| Ports and
harbors: |
Esmeraldas,
Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, San Lorenzo |
| Merchant marine: |
total:
33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 239,876 GRT/393,680 DWT
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here
as a flag of convenience: Chile 1, Greece 1 (2002 est.)
ships by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas
1, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 23, specialized tanker 1 |
| Airports: |
205 (2001) |
| Airports - with
paved runways: |
total:
61
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 19 (2001)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 |
| Airports - with
unpaved runways: |
total:
144
914 to 1,523 m: 31
under 914 m: 113 (2001) |
| Heliports: |
1(2001)
|
| Military
branches: |
Army, Navy
(including Marines), Air Force, National Police |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
20 years of age
(2002 est.) |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49: 3,468,678 (2002 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49: 2,337,944 (2002 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males:
132,978 (2002 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$720 million
(FY98) |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
3.4% (FY98) |
| Disputes -
international: |
none |
| Illicit drugs: |
significant
transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and Peru;
importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit
narcotics; important money-laundering hub; increased activity on
the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian
insurgents |
This page was last updated on 9 December 2002
|
